Even though abstracts are short, they require a specific type and formal structure that is accepted by academic discourse communities (San & Tan, 2012). They are governed by a discipline's own conventions i.e. a series of moves that characterize the flow of the discourse and linguistic features. This study aims to identify the rhetorical moves and metadiscourse markers that are deployed in the abstracts of projects that were written by undergraduate students in the English department at the faculty of Arts/Gharyan University. The data consisted of 30 abstracts. Hyland's models (2000; 2005) were adopted in this study. The first model (2000) was used to analyze the rhetorical moves. The second one (2005) was employed to analyze the metadiscourse. The findings revealed that most of the abstracts did not consist of the five rhetorical moves. The introduction and purpose moves were prominent, while the method, result, conclusion, and structure (new move) moves were not prominent. The absence of some of the rhetorical moves in the English abstracts of undergraduate projects might make the project abstract unable to achieve its communicative purposes and will lead to difficulty for readers to understand the content of the abstract. For metadiscourse, the findings showed that interactive metadiscourse was deployed more than interactional metadiscourse. Among these two categories, transitions, frame markers, and endophoric were used more frequently.

ملخص البحث :

في عام 8102 م ، تم تقديم منهج جديد للغة الإنجليزية يسمى القرن الحادي

والعشرين في ليبيا. وضعت وزارة التربية والتعليم خطة لتدريب المعلمين على

تطبيق هذا المنهج . حضر حوالي 011 مدرسا من مناطق مختلفة في ليبيا في العديد

من ورش عمل تدريب للمعلمين في تونس التي قدمتها Garnet Education ،

وبعد ذلك ، عاد المتدربون إلى ليبيا لتدريب معلمي مدارس اللغة الإنجليزية على

استخدام الاستراتيجيات والتقنيات التي تتوافق مع أهداف المنهج.

وقد تم استخدام منهج البحث النوعي لجمع البيانات في هذه الدراسة عن طريق

مقابلات شبه منظمة مع عشرة معلمين لغة إنجليزية. أظهرت النتائج أن معظم

المعلمين الذين شاركوا في الدراسة واجهوا تحديات في تدريس منهج اللغة

الإنجليزية الجديد حيث تضمنت هذه التحديات، عدم توفر الوسائل التعليمية، عدد

الطلبة الكبير داخل الفصل، وعدم دعم الأساليب الحديثة المتبعة في تدريس المنهج

الجديد من قبل إدارات المدارس والمفتشين

Due to the scientific research at present is considered one of the important and major functions performed by both faculty members and postgraduate students, in order to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge and solutions to the various problems facing the society, and also to the advancement of Libyan universities. This paper aims to identify the difficulties faced the students in the Libyan universities in scientific research from perspectives of faculty members and postgraduate students, and to know the difficulties that hinder the scientific research in these universities and work to confront them. In addition, the researchers used the SPSS method to reach the objectives of this paper. A questionnaire was distributed to faculty members and postgraduate students in order to obtain data that contribute to the objectives of this paper. This paper concluded that faculty members contribute to training students on scientific research, and there is cooperation between the supervisor and the student in relation to the thesis presented by students. Moreover, Libyan scientific journals publish the researches for students whose research terms meet all conditions of scientific research. Research recommended that work to training the postgraduate students on scientific research skills in what is related to all of his fields, as well as how to write, present and interpret results, proposals and recommendations, and establish a special and independent department for scientific publishing in Libyan universities

This paper aims to analyze mainstream technology and Internet-based learning and attempts to explore the possibilities of incorporating digital text into the curriculum. Where this paper came to answer two important questions namely how can technology increase reading comprehension skills and make readers more efficient in their L2? What is the position of teachers and students of English as a foreign language about the Internet application in the classroom?. This paper found that the reader can connect with the ideas and incorporate them into previously gained information; also, improving reading comprehension skills primarily requires motivation, mental frameworks for holding ideas, concentration and good study techniques. Moreover, Realizing and understanding the text is much more complex and practical than vocabulary familiarity Keywords: Online Reading, Comprehension, Expanding, Understanding. 

Peer assessment has attracted more attention an effective assessment tool in recent years. Peer assessment refers to the arrangement for peers to consider the quality of learning outcomes of others of similar status, it received attention of various studies due to the growing interest in the student centered approach as learners need to be involved in the learning process even in the assessment. This paper is a critical review of previous studies on peer assessment in English as Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) context. Fifteen peer assessment studies from 2004 to 2017 were extensively reviewed and systematically analyzed. Peer assessment of the reviewed studies were on the quality of the writing outcomes of students in the EFL/ESL contexts, as writing skill occupies an important role in teaching English language. As a critical review paper of these studies, this paper highlights practical use of peer assessment and the important challenges or issues that need to be considered when utilizing peer assessment in the classroom. This paper hopes that practical measures of peer assessment will be utilized effectively by educators in the ESL and EFL classrooms in the near future.

This paper discusses the elements of popular culture in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It highlights how the novel reflects the social and cultural atmosphere of the 1920s in America, particularly the rise of materialism, the pursuit of pleasure, and the decline of moral values. Through its depiction of jazz music, fashion, parties, cars, and the obsession with wealth, the novel serves as a mirror of the Jazz Age. The study concludes that The Great Gatsby is not only a literary masterpiece but also a cultural document that captures the spirit of its time and the contradictions within the American Dream.